REMEMBERING PROF. K.N. SINHA FOR HIS ASTUTE MENTORSHIP

 

Prof. Krishna Nand Sinha was our teacher in the Department of Surgery in King George’s Medical College, Lucknow. He was a Cardio-thoracic surgeon and an outstanding one. I remember assisting him, Dr. Vijay Dikshit and Dr. Vijay Mohan Kohli in many experimental open heart surgeries in dogs before he conducted the first open heart surgery in a patient in 1980, and the first Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in 1981. We all stayed up all night in the post operative ward. He had keen interest in video assisted thoracoscopic surgery and also started the first pacemaker implantation programme in KGMC. The cardiologists picked it up much later. He was a methodical teacher and a very keen observer of human behaviour. He retired as the Head of the Department of Surgery in 1998.

He was my thesis guide when I was doing my M.S. in Surgery. I was attracted to him because of his sagacious nature and calm attitude. He talked slowly and his thoughts were invariably profound. He understood that the thesis was an occasion to familiarize me with surgical research – how to select an interesting research hypothesis which would later give me the opportunity to make a good podium presentation and result in publication of a few worthwhile research publications was his top most priority.

 

I was the first person in my family to become a doctor, and so unlike a few of my friends, I did not have the necessary mentorship at home to guide my medical career. Prof. Sinha filled that void admirably. He was my mentor, my philosopher and my guide. He was of the opinion that a research thesis must satisfy a few criteria

1.       It must be a topic that relates to public health of our part of the country

2.       It should involve a recent investigative modality that is of current interest to              the journal editors

3.       It should teach me a new skill

After going through many testable assumptions we zeroed in on ‘The effects of tobacco chewing on esophageal mucosa – a clinical, histological and ultrastructural study’.  Because we would be studying the esophagus, in the same set of patients we planned to study the oral and pharyngeal mucosa too so that this data could help us to compare it with esophageal mucosa and also document it separately into two more research papers.

 

True to his meticulous planning, I learnt a new skill – the use of both rigid and flexible endoscopes for performing esophagoscopy. Prof. Sinha made me assist 50 cases before allowing me to introduce the endoscope under his expert supervision. I learned to sprinkle Lugol's Iodine on the esophageal mucosa and biopsy the suspicious areas in the upper, middle and lower third of the esophagus. He then showed me how the gastro-esophageal junction looked and how the stomach mucosa was completely different. He also demonstrated foreign bodies and malignancies and corrosive strictures in his clinical patients, who had nothing to do with my research. He introduced me to his senior Prof. Pramod Nath, who in turn showed me what an electron microscope looks like and later what ultrastructural changes tobacco was producing on the esophageal mucosa.

 

While to most of my colleagues thesis was a huge burden, over and above their clinical work load, because of Prof. Sinha, my thesis was perhaps one of the most enjoyable parts of my post graduation days. He was a tough task master and those were pre computer days. He made me rewrite my 120 page thesis 14 times before approving it, but the bonus of this hard work was that I had three indexed publications from my thesis, one before my M.S. examinations. His benevolence and kindness was exemplified by the fact that I was the first author in all three papers.

Prof. Sinha, Prof. N.C. Misra and later Prof. S.K. Bhatnagar were the outstanding troika who emphasized upon me the value of research and publications. Prof. Sinha would often remind me that while others will approach a job interview with the reference of their influential father and father-in-law, your publications will be your calling cards, and they will be very hard to ignore. He taught me how to choose a journal for publication, what an indexed journal was, how to respectfully respond to reviewers and how to handle rejection, modify the paper and promptly send it to another and better journal.

 

Even after my M.S. days I remained in close touch with Prof. Sinha. He and his wife, Prof. Preeti Sinha, who was in Lucknow University,  stayed in Mahanagar, very close to my place, and his continued mentorship was priceless. After I returned from my overseas training and started my practice, a senior teacher, who was practicing in a hospital in Mahanagar, invited me to start my practice in his hospital. I went to Prof. Sinha for his advice. He looked at me for some time, smiled, and said “Nothing ever grows under a Banyan tree.” This sagacious insight, astute perception, and erudite understanding of such delicate matters was the hallmark of his wonderful mentorship.

 

I often remember my teachers by their lectures, but with Prof. K.N. Sinha I will make an exception. I will try to recall a long conversation I had with him one morning, while sitting in his lawn, and later, when the sun got the better of us, in the lounge room.

 

He was trying to emphasize to me that success in profession and in life are not very different. Those who achieve one and not the other, or those who achieve one at the cost of the other, have really got it wrong. Striving for success is a trait many people share but don’t always know how to accomplish. This need to succeed causes almost everyone to try their best, however, after some times, while some are reaching their goals, others still find themselves tired, exhausted and still lagging far behind. So, there was no dearth of effort in them, but perhaps not in the right direction.

 

If you feel stuck in place, stagnating in life, the "5-Hour Rule" can help you get out of this situation, he said. “What is the 5-hour rule” I asked.  As its name implies, the 5-hour rule speaks of a dedication of 5 hours a week, or one hour per day of work, to deliberate learning and self-improvement. This means that in order to succeed, you have to leave yourself 5 hours a week and devote your attention to learning only, without distractions or excuses. Not everyone learns in the same way, but there are several methods to do this to produce the best results from the process and to understand what you need to change in order to be more successful:

 

1. Reading

The hobby of reading is shared by many successful people. Swami Vivekananda, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan were all avid readers.  They all attributed their success to their reading habit which ensured that their learning never ended. In order to make sure you read and grow, always keep a book in the bag you carry around, set reading goals like several hours or several pages a day, and do your best to meet them.

In today’s day and age, we also have the option to read books on our cell phones or portable tablets, making reading books that much easier. This is one habit that has never deserted me.

 

2. Thinking 

When you truly want to learn instead of just read, you have a very different mindset. Instead of approaching a book as “I need to finish this” you instead say “I’m going to master this. I’m going to know this like the back of my hand. Understanding what you have read and the information you’ve collected is a key condition for success and learning. When you spend time reading to learn and improve yourself, it is also important that you take the time to understand what you have read so that you don’t feel overwhelmed and tired. It is essential that you spend the time to cut off distractions when internalizing this information. A good way to do this is to keep a journal that will help you process your feelings and thoughts. Writing a summary of what you have read will also help you process the things you’ve learned and apply them to your work or any other field you wish to succeed in.

 

3. Experiment / Practice

Once you have begun to learn and understand what you need to do to get ahead and succeed, you can start the practical stage; make time for yourself every week or day to try theories or ideas you have. It could be a project in a job you've struggled with which you've found an interesting way to do or anything else you want to succeed in. When it comes to practical experience, there are no bad ideas, and experimenting with different things, "crazy" as they may be, will allow you to test what works and what doesn’t. A surgeon should practice a new idea again and again in the mind, before translating it in clinical practice. When you find what works, you can apply it to the "real world," that is, at work or other places where you are struggling to succeed.

It is also vital to learn from the mistakes of others because none of us will live long enough to do all the mistakes ourselves and learn from them.

 

4. Don’t confuse working with learning

It is easy to confuse work with learning, and when we do, people begin to feel that they are standing in the same place and stagnating. It is important that you realize that investing many hours at work is not what will guarantee you success in the future. When you begin to devote time to learning and not just to work, you can develop significantly. This way you will focus not only on your daily problems but also on the future and on the way you can strive for it and your goals successfully. Set apart time for deliberate learning so that you’re not only consumed with work, but also with other important things that can push you forward in life.

 

5. Focous on self-improvement rather than just productivity

People often mistakenly think that having a product of their actions means being successful, but that isn’t true. Success in life is not measured only by material achievements that can disappear in an instant, but in constant improvement. Achievements are important, but try not to focus only on them and what you have at a given moment, but on what you will gain in the long run.  

 

The biggest challenge in the 5-hour rule is perseverance since people are constantly out to reap rewards and good outcomes. However, when that doesn’t happen they may give up and make mistakes that will only push them further away from their goal. To make sure this doesn’t happen to you, try to focus on learning and improving yourself, not just on the number on your paycheck, for example. When you learn that you can do things much more complicated than you thought you were capable of before, success will come in a way you could never imagine. For a surgeon, this is priceless!

 

The next time you pick up a book that you believe will be helpful to you at work or in life, slow down. Take notes. Don’t finish the book until you feel you have a mastery-level understanding of the concepts. Then build a plan for how you’re going to implement these concepts. It’ll take you twice the time but give you ten times the return. And, that is how our morning discussion on self improvement culminated.

 

INSTAGRAM REELS OF TOURISTS – THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY

 

How many times have you seen tourists ogling and making reels of things in the road that you might think as petty ordinary to you? So, what are they actually doing? A child happily beating an old cycle tire as it runs ahead of him, a family of four sitting on an Activa scooter, an elephant moving at a leisurely pace disrupting busy traffic, a fortune teller sitting with his parrot on the roadside, surrounded by his patrons, all these may be regular stuff for you, not even worth a second look, but to foreign travellers these are scenes petty unimaginable back in the country to which they belong. So, what is regular and not worth your attention becomes a viral Instagram reel! What is this phenomenon? How can a quiet book shop is Woy Woy, NSW or the train street in Hanoi, or an ordinary fish market in Kandy become an Instagram hit?

 

This is primarily the "Tourist Gaze" (and its social media evolution, sometimes called the "selfie gaze," "Instagram gaze," or "digital gaze"). Sociologist John Urry popularized the concept in his 1990 book 'The Tourist Gaze'. It describes how tourists are socially conditioned to seek out and visually consume scenes that contrast with their everyday life—focusing on the "out of the ordinary," unique, or picturesque. What locals see as routine becomes exotic spectacle for outsiders because it differs sharply from their more regulated, homogenized environments.

 

Social media amplifies this into a performance loop: tourists hunt for shareable, "authentic" moments that stand out in feeds, often recreating or staging them. The hermeneutic circle (Urry's idea) means pre-trip images from Instagram shape expectations, which travelers then recreate and share, reinforcing the gaze.

 

Why Mundane Becomes Viral

Novelty and contrast: In many Western or developed countries, daily life is more predictable, car-centric, and regulated. Chaos, improvisation, animals in cities, multi-generational/shared transport, or informal street economies feels vibrant and "unscripted."

Visual appeal and algorithms: These scenes offer high contrast, color, movement, and human stories—perfect for short-form video. A quiet bookshop in Woy Woy, NSW (Australia), might go viral for its charming small-town vibe or literary quirk amid suburban normality. An Instagram reel from the account @booknspace, run by Grace Choi, a Korean mother who is studying in Australia and who seems to use social media much like the rest of us do, documenting interesting things she sees and does, is now a days making rounds and has been viewed more than 150,000 times so far. In it, she very charmingly documents her journey from Sydney to the NSW Central Coast, and her day in Woy Woy. So, what are the things that grabbed her attention? A second-hand bookstore, which is “filled with the smell of books”. There’s Fisherman’s Wharf, where she overhears “the warm chatter of Aussie grandmas”. There’s the wharf itself, where “kids run off with their fishing rods”. There’s the public library, with its “attic-like” reading room. Incidentally, this is her Instagram reel:

https://www.instagram.com/reel/DZeB8jCp5hp/?utm_source=ig_embed&ig_rid=ANE4qJzb2ZO-iOnwvnZVCqP

Similarly, Hanoi's Train Street became an Instagram hit (and safety hazard) because trains barreling through a narrow alley lined with cafes is thrilling and photogenic—ordinary local life turned adrenaline spectacle. Kandy's fish market gains fame for its sensory bustle, colors, and "real" commerce that feels more alive than sanitized supermarkets back home.

Performance and connection: Posting signals "I've been there," builds personal brand, and lets viewers vicariously experience difference. It turns travel into content creation. The Woy-Woy I remember, though I crossed it while on a road trip from Sydney three decades back, had a large cemetry, was not at all charming, and it smelled of many things, though books are not the first that come to my mind. So, there we are, we both were travelers, but saw the same place with different eyes, different understanding and different social background. And, I was there in pre-social media era.

 

Good Aspects

Cultural exchange and appreciation: It highlights overlooked beauty in everyday life, fostering curiosity and empathy. Foreigners filming "petty ordinary" Indian scenes can humanize places often reduced to stereotypes (poverty, chaos) and showcase warmth, resilience, and vibrancy. You can laugh all you want, but we are all Grace Choi when we travel. We are all guilty of this idealized treatment of foreign places. And it’s only when you see someone else do it to your own country and your own culture that you have the shock of recognition, when you realize, oh God, this is me. I do this too.

Economic boost: Viral spots bring income to locals - cafes on Train Street, vendors near markets, places like Santorini in Greece, democratizes visibility for small businesses or regions. They have created many unlikely tourist places almost in every country due to their unique visuals, fairy-tale aesthetics, or surprising settings. Collonges-la-Rouge (Corrèze), a medieval village is built from striking red sandstone, creating a surreal, uniform crimson glow especially at golden hour and Sainte-Enimie (Lozère, Gorges du Tarn), a cliffside medieval village in a dramatic gorge with emerald river waters, stone houses, and a fairy-tale perched feel are two excellent examples in France. In Spain we have Setenil de las Bodegas (Andalusia, near Cádiz) where homes and streets literally built into/ under massive rock overhangs, creating cave-like passages with restaurants and shops beneath boulders, and the Pink Lagoon of Torrevieja and Cabo de Gata's dramatic volcanic coasts. Italy has Boccadasse (Genova/Genoa, Liguria), a preserved old mariners' fishing village with pastel-colored houses around a cobblestone/pebble beach, fishing boats, and narrow alleys. It also has Procida Island near Naples. Instagram reels have given their economy a real boost.

Preservation incentive: Awareness can encourage maintenance of unique practices or spaces. These spots surged in popularity via short-form video (dramatic flyovers, golden-hour walks, local eats), so they can get busy in no time and get the attention of the tourism industry. So investing in their maintenance is a great preservation incentive.

Personal growth: Tourists gain perspective; locals might see their culture anew through fresh eyes. They offer authentic, visually striking experiences beyond over-touristic icons, perfect for Reels but rewarding in person for their history and atmosphere.

Train Street in Hanoi

 

Bad Aspects

Distortion and superficiality: It often captures fragments out of context—romanticizing or exoticizing without depth (e.g., "exotic" poverty or chaos as aesthetic). This can perpetuate stereotypes, "othering," or cultural voyeurism rather than understanding.

Commodification and staged authenticity: Places adapt for the gaze (souvenir overload, performative rituals, "airport art"). Real culture gets packaged, simplified, or altered, losing meaning. Over-tourism follows virality, overwhelming infrastructure The safety issues in the Train Street in Hanoi and the trespassing of private property in Santorini are excellent examples of this malady.

Disruption and resentment: Crowds disrupt daily life, create safety risks, inflate prices, and breed local hostility. Social media rewards spectacle over respect (e.g., intrusive filming, ignoring norms). People in Barcelona are no more as welcoming today as they were during the Olympics in 1992

Santorini - a victim of over-tourism

Environmental and social costs: Viral Reels drive sudden and concentrated tourist flows to specific “Instagrammable” locations, often natural wonders or fragile ecosystems—leading to trail erosion, vegetation trampling, soil erosion, disturbance to wildlife and alteration of  their feeding and mating behaviors, traffic, littering and increased pollution. It can erode the very "authenticity" seekers crave. In Bali 65% of the water is consumed by tourists. Local communities get displaced as cost of living escalates and visitors replicate curated digital content, reducing spontaneity and authentic engagement.

 

Does It Represent True Culture or Distort It?

I am of the opinion that it does both, but leans toward selective distortion. The gaze reveals genuine elements—India's improvisational energy, Vietnam's resilient urban fabric, Sri Lanka's market vitality, but through a filtered, outsider lens prioritizing visual drama and shareability. It misses nuances, complexities, and mundanity (bureaucracy, inequalities, quiet routines). "True" culture is lived, contested, and evolving internally; tourism versions often become performative for visitors. Social media accelerates this into echo chambers of highlights, not giving a balanced portraits.

Fish market in Kandy

Quiet spots like Woy Woy's bookshop or Kandy's market hit big because they offer escapism or contrast: peaceful literary haven vs. digital overload; raw, tactile commerce vs. clinical efficiency. Algorithms and human psychology reward the novel and emotional. This phenomenon is a modern extension of age-old travel curiosity, turbocharged by phones and platforms. It celebrates difference but risks reducing places and people to backdrops. Travelers can mitigate harms by seeking slower, deeper engagement—talking to locals, learning context, treading lightly—rather than just chasing the perfect reel. Locals benefit from the attention when it respects their pace and realities. The key tension: tourism thrives on difference, but mass pursuit of it often erodes that difference.

Travellers see the world through rose-coloured glasses. We are primed to indulge our sense of whimsy and magic. We also tend to fetishise the everyday when we’re in a foreign country, to turn routine rituals and probably meaningless events into examples of beauty and sophistication. Those old men playing chess in the Italian piazza are a sure sign that this is a tight-knit community where the elderly are held in such high regard. Those kids kicking an old football against a wall in Buenos Aires are loveable rascals who are killing time until their mothers call them in for dinner. That dive bar in middle America is a pillar of the community, where a grumpy but warm-hearted owner polishes glasses and listens to the woes of her customers.

Cherry Blossom and Kimono - two Instagram hits

And have you seen people go to Japan? A convenience store becomes a place of high culture and authentic experience when it’s viewed through the lens of social media reminiscence. The sight of an elderly lady in a kimono is an example of Japan’s reverence for the past and appreciation for beauty. Every tiny village is the next great discovery, the “real” Japan where you can get away from the tourists and have a proper experience.

We Indian travellers do this when we visit Europe, a lot. We idealize everything we see, turn it into reels for our Instagram or Facebook to demonstrate to all our friends how much better they do things over there in Europe. As now that our economy is looking up, our reels from African countries show how people there “just so happy even though they have so little”. It feels a little condescending, right? It’s also a way of “othering” foreign places, assuming that everything they do is so different, even if we perceive that difference as good.

 

So, our Instagram reels tell a lot about the places we visit, but they tell a lot more about us. We are regularly posting misty-eyed photos of elderly people just trying to go about their business and telling everyone how lovely and sweet it is. There’s nothing inherently wrong with this. It’s normal human behaviour. It’s also a sign of the mindset we tend to adopt when we’re travelling, the sense of positivity and wonder, the attention we pay to the little details that so often in our life back home just passes us by. That’s a great thing. But it just pays to bear it in mind that any time you’re about to declare the old-world charm of a rundown village in the middle of nowhere, or the greatness of those poor people who are so happy with nothing, there might be a little more to the story.

 

REMEMBERING PROF. T. N. CHAWLA BY HIS LECTURE ON DENTOFACIAL PAIN

 

Professor T.N. Chawla, was the Head of Dental Department of King George’s Medical College when we were in 7^th Semester. In fact, he headed the Dental Department from 1950 to 1980 and was an extremely well known and respected name in Dental Education. He later served as the first Dean of the prestigious Faculty of Dental Sciences, as a separate dental faculty at KGMC. He established the Department of Periodontology at KGMC in 1965 with a grant from PL 480 and was recognized for his contributions to the field of periodontology.

 

Prof. Chawla was an excellent teacher and many of his students went on to head several teaching units in India and abroad. His contributions to Periodontics is commemorated by the 'Dr. T. N. Chawla Award’  which is given annually in his name for the best thesis in Periodontics.

 

After finishing his Graduation, Prof. Chawla went on to do his MS under the stewardship of the legendary Prof. Irving Glickman at Tufts University, Boston. He returned to India to establish a full- fledged, Dental Department at King George Medical College Lucknow, as early as in 1952. Prof. T.N. Chawla was the first Dean of the Faculty of Dental Sciences at King George's Medical College. A keen researcher in periodontology, he was recognized for his research on fluorides and dental caries control; and oral prophylaxis' impact on periodontal tissues and oral health.

Periodontics is a branch of dentistry that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases affecting the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, collectively known as the periodontium, which includes the gums (gingiva), alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament. The term comes from the Greek words “peri” (around) and “odont” (tooth), reflecting its focus on the structures around the teeth

 

Prof. Chawla was always very smartly dressed in suit and wore a white starched apron. I remember him visiting our school, Colvin Taluqdar’s College, and in a zero-hour period, explain to us, the school kids, the importance of dental health. The impact which he left on our impressionable minds was truly mesmerizing. He was a very good under-graduate teacher and as the teachers from Dental Faculty had only a handful of lectures in our MBBS curriculum, this lecture on Dentofacial Pain is still vivid in my memory.

 

Dentofacial pain can be either odontogenic or non-odontogenic in origin

A. Odontogenic

1. Tooth

·         Pulp

·         Periodontal  - priodontitis, pericementitis

2. Jaw

·         Alveolitis

·         Dry socket

·         Osteomylitis

B. Non odontogenic

1.Tempor-mandibular joint

·         Arthritis – Arthralgia, Subluxation, Clicking

·         Neuritis – Costen’s Syndrome

·         Bruxism

2. Para nasal sinuses – Sinusitis, CA. Maxillary Antrum

3. Otalgia – Ac. External otitis, Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM)

4. Ophthalmic

·         Iritis / Iridocyclitis

·         Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

·         Retrobulbar Neuritis

·         Heterophoria

·         Acute Glaucoma

·         Chronic Blind Eye

5. Inflammatory

·         Sialadenitis – Parotitis, Submandibular sialadenitis

·         Lymphadenitis – Pre auricular, Submandibular

6. Malignancy

·         CA. Tongue

·         CA. Oropharynx / Nasopharynx / Laryngopharynx

·         Ca. Maxillary Antrum

7. Spirochetes – Lymes Disease

8. Idiopathic

Myo-facial pain - muscular

Neuralgia

·         Trigeminal

·         Sphenopalatine

·         Glossopharyngeal

Neurovascular

·         Migraine

·         Temporal Arteritis

·         Histamine Cephalgia

·         Tension Headache

9. Psychosomatic – Psychalgia, Hysteria

10. Referred pain – Angina pectoris

Idiopathic pains and psychosomatic pains are non-organic and all the rest have an organic cause, which the treatment protocol needs to address.

 

Odontalgia: Odontalgia can either arise from the pulp or the periodontium. Pulpitis is the inflammation of the vessels and nerves in the pulp and it occurs when the pulp is exposed to various irritants – thermal, mechanical, chemical or bacterial. Pulpal pain is difficult to localize, as no proprioceptive fibers are present in the pulp chamber. It is only when the inflammation extends to the adjoining periodontium that localization of pain is possible. Careful clinical examination and radiography helps in differentiating pulpal pain from periodontal pain. However gingival recession, looseness of tooth, pocket formation or loss of bone points towards a periodontal disease.

      

 

Trigeminal Neuralgia: Trigeminal Neuralgia or tic douloureux is an intermittent pain of great severity, which commences in the 3^rd. or 2^nd. division and extends in time to the adjacent division, the ophthalmic division usually escaping. Occurring predominantly in females, the cause is usually unknown but considered related to the infection of the nerve by herpes simplex virus. The duration of the pain is brief to start with but gradually the pain free interval reduces, and eventually the patient has almost continuous pain and may become suicidal. The pain is described as red-hot needles searing the flesh and often has certain definite trigger zones. Spasms of pain are initiated by external stimuli like cold draughts, brushing teeth, washing, speaking, eating or drinking hot or cold substances. Treatment starts with oral analgesics like Tegretal. If pain gets incapacitating then 4-5 ml of absolute alcohol is injected into the Gasserian Ganglion. Relief from pain and anaesthesia stays from 6 months to 2 years after which the sensations return and so does the pain. 7.5% phenol in myodil injected into the ganglion under X ray control produces relief of pain without loss of sensation. Partial division of the sensory root of V cranial nerve, preserving the upper and inner 1/3 of the root, which has the fibers of ophthalmic division, by micro-neurosurgery, may bring lasting relief.

 

Sphenopalatine Neuralgia: Sphenopalatine Neuralgia or Sluder’s syndrome is a condition where there is pain about the eye, upper teeth and upper jaw, extending sometimes to zygoma and temple and occasionally producing earache and pain in and around the ear and mastoid. Photophobia, lachrymation, rhinorrhea, glossodynia and loss or diminished taste sensations are also frequent. Unlike Trigeminal Neuralgia the pain is more constant, lacking the severe paroxysms. The Sphenopalatine (Meckel’s) ganglion is believed to be irritated by infection or hyperplasia of sphenoid or posterior Ethmoid sinuses. The best diagnostic tool is to anaesthetize the Meckel’s ganglion and most permanent result is obtained by injecting absolute alcohol.

 

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia: Severe explosion of pain either in the region of tonsils or deep in the ear with a trigger zone in the tonsillar area is characteristic. The diagnosis is clinched by the fact that instilling or injecting local anaesthesia in this region relives the pain. In genuine cases the Glossopharyngeal nerve needs to be divided. The nerve can be approached in the tonsillar fossa after tonsillectomy, or through the posterior fossa as it enters the jugular foramen.

 

Paranasal sinusitis: Very hard to differentiate from odontalgia because of the close proximity of the teeth and maxillary sinuses, there is always a suggestive history of recent cold or influenza. If the pain is bilateral and improves on sitting up it is often frontal sinusitis. If the pain is unilateral and gets relieved on recumbent posture it is maxillary sinusitis. Bony tenderness over sinuses and painful tapping over more than one tooth of the upper jaw suggests a sinus lesion rather than a tooth lesion. Sinus pain is aggravated on walking and bending over. Transilluminating the sinus in a dark room clinically and cloudy sinus on radiography confirms the diagnosis. One should never be in a hurry in extracting teeth in presence of an existing allergy or cold.

That is how our lecture on Dento-facial pain ended. Whenever I see a patient of Dento-facial pain this lecture comes up vividly in my mind and helps me to come to a diagnosis.

Prof. Chawla's son Shobhit is a very accomplished Ophthalmologist, practicing in Lucknow and a wonderful friend, doing justice to the family legacy.

 

GREEK INVENTIONS OF YESTERYEAR

 

Greece today is in economic shambles and a burden on the European Union but their ancestors ruled the world in almost all spheres of life. Ancient Greek civilization represents the beginning of philosophical, political, social, ethical, and scientific advances in society. The ancient Greek people have had an enormous impact on subsequent Western  civilizations and it would not be an overstatement to say that some of them had far-reaching influences beyond the Western world.

 

Be it revolutionary philosophers like Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato or the earliest of faces of Western literature such as Homer, Herodotus, and Pericles, the Greek influence on philosophy and literature is phenomenal. The theories proposed by Archimedes, Euclid, and Pythagoras are still studied to this day and have laid the foundations of modern science and mathematics. And one can never dismiss the cultural impact that Alexander the Great brought about when he invaded nation after nation, bringing them all under his single rule.

 

The ancient Greeks’ findings in the areas of astronomy, geography, and mathematics made them pioneers in the field of science. The Greeks’ interest in the scientific specification of the physical world can be seen as far back as the sixth century BC, and they have often been hailed as the fathers of science, medicine, zoology, and many other areas. A few Greek inventions from yesteryear are:

 

The Watermill

Water mills were a revolutionary invention and have been used all over the world for the purpose of metal shaping, agriculture and, most importantly, milling. To mill means to grind, and that invariably means to grind grain. This in turn led to the production of edible food staples like rice, cereals, pulses, flour, and so on. This useful invention takes its origins from the earliest known Perachora wheel, created way back in the third century BC in Greece, most likely invented by the contemporary Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium.

 

The Odometer

One of the most widely used instruments in the present day, the odometer, measures the distance traveled by a vehicle such as a bicycle or automobile. Even though modern odometers are digital, not so long ago they were more mechanical. Later they became electro-mechanical with the rise of technology. This omnipresent instrument was also being used in ancient Greece. Vitruvius first described the odometer as being used for measuring distance around 27 BC. The odometer was widely used in the late Hellenistic period and by the Romans for indicating the distance traveled by a vehicle. It helped revolutionize the building of roads by accurately measuring distance. The Romans were then able to carefully mark distances with milestones.

 

The Alarm Clock

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato (428–348 BC) was said to possess a large water clock with an unspecified alarm signal similar to the sound of a water organ. He used it at night, possibly for signaling the beginning of his lectures at dawn. But the first alarms used by the ancient Greeks were nothing like today. The Hellenistic engineer and inventor Ctesibius (285–222 BC) fitted his clepsydras or water clock with a dial and pointer to indicate the time, and added an elaborate alarm system which involved pebbles dropping on to a gong, or the blowing of a trumpet by forcing bell jars down into water and taking the compressed air through a beating reed at pre-set times.

 

Cartography

Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. It has played an important role in travel and navigation since ancient times. Even though the earliest known evidence of cartography points towards ancient Babylon as early as the ninth century BC, the Greeks took what they had at their disposal and brought cartography into a new light. Anaximander was one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world. Born between 611 and 610 BC, he made important contributions to the science of astronomy and geography.

 

Olympics

The modern Olympics are one of the greatest sporting spectacles of the modern age. But when Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the international Olympic committee, started the first modern Olympics in 1896, he was inspired by the ancient Olympics that were held in Greece more than 2,700 years ago. According to historical records, the first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BC. They were dedicated to the Olympian gods and were staged on the plains of Olympia, in the southwest of Greece took place every four years. People from all over the Greek world came to witness the spectacle. The victors were given olive leaf wreaths or crowns as prizes.

 

Western Medicine

Born in 460 BC, Hippocrates of Cos was an ancient Greek physician of the Classical age and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He was referred to as the father of Western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field and was the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. He started to collect data and conduct experiments to show that disease was a natural process; that the signs and symptoms of a disease were caused by the natural reactions of the body to the disease process. The most famous of his contributions is the Hippocratic Oath, which bears his name. It was this document that first proposed an ethical standard among doctors.

 

Philosophy

The Greek developed philosophy as a way of understanding the world around them, without resorting to religion, myth, or magic. In fact the early Greek philosophers were also scientists who observed and studied the known world, the earth, seas, mountains, solar system, planetary motion, and astral phenomena. Their philosophy, based on reasoning and observation of the known world, played a pivotal role in the shaping of the Western philosophical tradition. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were such influential philosophers that their studies were used to teach subsequent ages of Romans and other Western cultures.

 

Democracy

Although there is evidence that democratic forms of government, in a broad sense, may have existed in several areas of the world well before the turn of the fifth century, it is generally believed that the concepts of democracy and the constitution were created in one particular place and time – in ancient Athens around 508 BC. For this reason, Athens is regarded as the birthplace of democracy. This transition from exploitation by the aristocracy to a political system where all members of society have an equal share of formal political power had a significant impact on future civilizations.

 

Birthday Cake

This inseparable, and arguably the best, part of birthday celebrations has its roots in Ancient Greece. The celebration of birthdays originated in Ancient Egypt where the people believed pharaohs became gods when they were crowned. Their coronation, the day they were “born” as gods, was a day of celebration every year. The Ancient Greeks adopted the custom and were the ones to add a dessert to the festivities. Ancient Greek birthday cakes were moon-shaped, to be offered as a tribute to Artemis, the goddess of the moon. To make the cakes shine like the moon, they were decorated with lit candles. If you wonder about blowing the candles in making a wish, that bit was added much later, in 18th century Germany.

 

Jury

The first records of trial by jury come from Ancient Greece. During the 5th century BC a jury was established in Athens. It was massive by today’s standards; a typical jury consisted of 501 Athenian men, but for major or controversial cases, it could be expanded to over a thousand members always in an odd number. The jurors were so many in numbers to prevent any bribery from taking place.  Cases were decided by simple majority rule. After both the defendant and accuser had presented their arguments, the jury voted by placing a specific disk in a marked urn.

 

Spa Treatments

Ancient Greeks were the first to come up with a system of running water and drainage. They were very keen on hygiene, so it’s only natural that bathing became ritualized. In her book, ‘The Book of Bath’ Françoise de Bonneville writes that in 6th century BC Greece, "Bathing was becoming an art – of cleansing sands, hot water, hot air in dark vaulted "vapor baths", a cooling plunge, a rubdown with aromatic oils.” Many of these practices are still in use today in spa facilities. 

 

Vending Machines

Among their many great contributions to the world, the Ancient Greeks also left us the vending machine. However, the Greeks’ vending machines didn’t dispense candy and snacks but rather holy water. They were invented by scientist and mathematician Hero of Alexandria c. 10-70 AD, and described in detail in his book 'Pneumatics'.  Hero’s vending machine operated much like the modern version does - you inserted a coin into a slot, then the coin hits a pan, which was attached to a lever. When the coin hit, the lever would move, opening a valve, through which the holy water came out. These vending machines were a way for temples to earn some money while also helping the people worship.

 

Umbrellas

The forefathers of modern umbrellas were invented in Ancient Greece, too. Depictions of umbrellas made of large bones and wood or plant leaves at the top date back to 4th century BC. These devices were used to block the sun or rain. Interestingly, it was seen as ‘unmanly’ to carry an umbrella in Ancient Greece, and Athenian women did so as a sign of subservience.

Famous people from ancient Greece encompass a diverse array of figures who significantly shaped the course of history, philosophy, politics, and warfare. From philosophers like Socrates and Plato, who laid the foundations of Western thought, to statesmen like Perikles and Solon, who championed democracy, and iconic generals like Alexander the Great and Leonidas, whose military prowess left an indelible mark. These luminaries collectively defined the essence of ancient Greek civilization and continue to influence modern society.

Concepts like democracy, philosophy, modern medicine, Olympic games and Jury were first introduced in ancient Greece. Mathematicians like Euclid, Pythagoras and Archimedes, playwrights like Sophocles and Euripides, story tellers like Aesop and poets like Homer have made outstanding contributions in their respective fields to make ancient Greece a fertile playground for ideas and innovations