MAKING SOCIAL MEDIA SAFE FOR CHILDREN

 

If there is an age limit for driving, casting vote, consuming alcohol and getting married, then why is there no age limit on the use of smartphone and social media? After all, why do we not let children do certain things which their parents are allowed to do? It is because their brain is not yet developed. Their pre-frontal cortex, the part of the human brain responsible for reasoning, judgement, planning, impulse control, and understanding long term consequences is not fully mature in childhood and adolescence. That is why children are impulsive and at times volatile but parents are cool and collected and worldly wise. Social media however is an arena in which the children have invaded often without parental guidance, and that is creating a havoc all over the world.

While social media can offer children opportunities for connection and creativity, it can also present serious risks. Child sexual offenders often exploit these platforms to access children. OECD research has shown that as many as 50 services that are heavily misused to facilitate child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA), including several mainstream social media platforms. But social media also presents other risks to children like preoccupation, escapism and conflict – particularly affects girls.  Social media has been blamed for suicide attempts, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and self-harm (with undetermined intent) among children.

Pressure to block minors from parts of the internet has been around since pornography and gambling websites overran the early global web. It has taken on a new urgency since a Meta whistleblower leaked internal emails in 2021 purportedly showing knowledge its products were harmful to young users. Meta, in turn, has said the documents were misinterpreted. Social media platforms like Facebook, X (previously Twitter), Snapchat, and TikTok were once hailed as ways to stay informed and connected, but reports of election manipulation, the spread of illegal content and fake news, and cyber bullying have since tainted them.

Countries are clamping down on social media for children due to health, safety and developmental concerns, along with challenges of enforcing age appropriate use. The number of such countries have gone up to 12. These policies aim to create safer online experience and reduce the risk associated with early and intensive social media exposure. The public and corporate attention on this issue is going nowhere and a gradual change in norms and practices is now demanded from social media providers.

Age-tiered safeguards only work if the service knows a user’s real age. The failure to verify a user’s real age has serious consequences. Children can create accounts with falsified birthdates, undermining age-tiered safeguards. For example, a child who signs up as a 13-year-old at age 8 could be treated as an 18-year-old by the time they are 13, gaining access to potentially harmful features such as direct messaging or live streaming. Most platforms still rely on self-declaration or only assure age in specific cases – such as when suspicious activity is detected or for access to certain features. Some platforms do not assure age at all.  Governments, then must provide clear, coordinated frameworks that uphold children’s rights and safety while balancing overlapping regulatory mandates – such as those overseeing online safety and data protection. Research on age assurance technologies and age appropriateness for digital services used by children is the need of the hour. Despite our best efforts some children, because of their ingenious and inquisitive nature, will find a way to fool the age verification system, but better age verification will certainly reduce the risk for some children, and that is surely better that doing nothing. 

Several systemic reviews published in medical journals suggest that there is a positive association between various patterns of digital use – i.e., frequency of social media use, smartphone addiction, suicide-related social media use, sexting – and suicidal thoughts and behaviours, in adolescents and young adults. However, whether such patterns confer suicide risk remains scientifically inconclusive. Given the consistency with which these associations were found across studies, however, as well as the ubiquity of social media and smartphones across the life span, it is imperative to continue examining whether and how such media may impact the mental health of the most vulnerable individuals.

Social media exposure during critical years of brain development can distort social perception, fuel anxiety and depression, and disturb sleep. Cyber bullying, psychological distress and sextortion among children are rampant. Shielding children from cyber-manipulation and addictive engagement mechanisms is urgently required. Social media is teaching our children and adolescents to measure their self worth against certain AI generated reels rather than real life human experiences. AI can make a child jump from their high-rise building like a superman, but when the real life child interprets it as a genuine possibility and attempts the same, the results are invariably fatal. Such dangerous game shows turn images into real identity and external validation overshadows internal values. The concepts of friendship, intimacy and self worth get totally distorted by these online games. The outdoor games of our childhood made us bold, expressive, attentive, and smart, where as these evil online games are providing children with ideas to harm themselves

Prevailing theories of suicidal behavior propose that the development of suicidal ideation – and the progression from ideation to attempts – occurs through various social and cognitive factors. Investigating such factors in the social media context may help improve our understanding of why certain aspects, or patterns, of social media use may be harmful.

What is the contrarian viewpoint?

There are mainly two - first, such a move is fundamentally disempowering for our future adults and instead of working to support them, make them more resilient, and enabling them to develop autonomy, we are simply trying to exclude them from these spaces. Secondly, by banning children from social media we are effectively putting the media companies off the hook, instead of forcing them to create safe spaces for these age groups. 

Countries around the world are taking notice and acting

Australia approved a social media ban for children aged under the age of 16 after an emotive debate that has gripped the nation. The landmark law threatens stiff fines against companies that fail to comply. The Social Media Minimum Age bill forces giants from Instagram and Facebook owner Meta to TikTok to stop minors from logging in or face fines of up to $32 million.

France: A law mandating social media companies to verify users’ ages and secure parental consent for those under 15 was passed in France in June 2023. According to the law, social networks that violate the rules face fines of up to one per cent of their global revenue. However, because the European Commission has not yet verified that the law complies with EU law, it has not taken effect for more than a year.

Germany: According to the country’s rules, children between the ages of 13 and 16 are only permitted to use social media with parental permission. Advocates for child protection, however, argue that controls are insufficient and demand that current laws be properly enforced.

Belgiium: In 2018, Belgium enacted a law requiring children to be at least 13 years old to create a social media account without parental permission.

Norway: 13 is the minimum age required to access social networks. However, data indicates that the vast majority of 12-year-olds and more than half of nine-year-olds are active on social media. Government is mulling ways to enforce the age limit.

Netherlands: Although there is no age limit for using social media in the Netherlands, the government did outlaw mobile devices in classrooms starting in January 2024 in an effort to cut down on distractions. Exceptions apply for digital lessons, medical needs or disabilities.

Spain: In June 2025, Spain also introduced a bill that would prohibit minors under the age of 16 from using social media. However, no date has been established for the text’s examination, and it has not yet made clear how age verification works.

Italy: Children under the age of 14 need parental consent to sign up for social media accounts, while no consent is required from that age upwards.

South Korea: The “Cinderella” law, which was passed in South Korea in 2011, prohibited children under the age of 15 from playing online games between the hours of midnight and six in the morning. The action was taken in part to reduce school fatigue. However, a decade later, the government overturned the decision and instituted a “choice permit” system that gave parents the authority to determine when their children might play. In August 2025, lawmakers proposed a bill aimed at regulating the use of social media by under-16s. In response, more than a dozen youth organisations slammed the bill as a discriminatory attempt to control young people similar to the “Cinderella” law.

Egypt calls is digital chaos and is formulating restrictions to counter it.

United States: Since 2023, several US states have passed legislation requiring a minimum age for account creation, banning “addictive feeds” or limiting the time children can spend on social media. The U.S. Court held that some companies had design defects that made their platform addictive to children, which can adversely effect their mental health. 

China: Since the internet is already strictly regulated by the government, it presents fewer obstacles to prevent the youngest members of the population from using social media in authoritarian regimes.  Since 2021 minors under the age of 14 are restricted. Douyin, the Chinese equivalent of TikTok, has a daily limit of 40 minutes for users under the age of 14, and children are not allowed to play games online for longer than that. Age checking is strict involving analysis of a person’s features, such as facial wrinkles or their hand.

 

 

India has 700 million internet users under the age of 25. Governments must introduce a comprehensive social media policy, as the unchecked spread of misinformation, rumours and online content is causing serious harm and lacks adequate accountability. Some gaming sites are addictive and outright evil and need to be banned. Digital detox programmes must be designed with responsible social media companies for the children who are in the toxic grip of nefarious social media gaming sites. Banning social media for the children under 16, and strict online age verification mechanism is required. Investment in digital literacy, parental support and treatment of the resultant mental health issues should all go hand in hand. Tech companies must be forced to create age appropriate online contents and safe digital environment for the vulnerable. Teachers and parents must take active interest in children’s digital lives and do hand-holding to keep them safe. Restrictions should be protective and not punitive, so that children remain children.

BAKING SODA – A VERSATILE ALL ROUNDER

 

I was attending a conference in Dehradun and staying in a boutique hotel. One afternoon I noticed a house keeping person cleaning a pair of swords that were used as decoration pieces in the hotel lobby. I suddenly remembered that my brother-in-law had presented me with a pair of similar swords, and they needed some shining to make them presentable once again. So, I asked the young man what he was using to make them shine. “Baking soda and vinegar” he said.

 

We started talking and I soon realized that this young man was very knowledgeable, and studying hotel management. He told me that baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate, is a versatile compound used in cooking, cleaning, and has health applications due to its alkaline properties and leavening ability. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), is a white crystalline powder with a slightly salty, alkaline taste. It is commonly used in baking as a leavening agent, reacting with acids like vinegar, lemon juice, or cream of tartar to produce carbon dioxide, which causes dough and batter to rise, creating a light and fluffy texture in bread, cakes, and muffins.

 

However, my friend apprised me of many other uses of baking soda:

 

1. Whitens Your Teeth

You've probably noticed many toothpaste brands featuring baking soda as a main ingredient, and for good reason. Baking soda helps remove stains and discolorations from the surface of the teeth or enamel. You can simply add a teaspoon of the sodium bicarbonate to your toothpaste, and brush for a few minutes. Don't forget to rinse well. 

 

2. Unclog Drains

Baking soda can help unclog blocked drainpipes when combined together with vinegar. Pour a pot of boiling hot water down the drain with half a cup of baking soda. Let the natural drain cleaner go to work for a few minutes. Add a cup of vinegar mixed with hot water on top of the baking soda, then cover the drain with a plug. Your drains should be super clean in less than 10 minutes. 

 

3. Keeps Your Breath Fresh

Are you trying to get rid of the smell of that garlic you had for lunch? Baking soda can help with that. Baking soda works like magic for freshening your breath, and acts as a natural mouthwash. Put a teaspoon of baking soda into a glass of water and use it as a mouthwash, your bad breath will be history!

 

4. Cleaning the Sink, Ovens and Kitchen tiles.

Add a 1/4 cup of baking soda into a sink full of water, and let it act for a few minutes. Let the solution absorb all the chemicals before rinsing and cleaning. The oil and grease marks and stains will disappear. Mixing it with an acid like lemon juice or vinegar may also help control the growth of harmful microorganisms, including mold or bacteria.

You can make a paste by mixing baking soda with an equal amount of lemon juice and a bit of water. Apply the paste to the desired surface with a sponge or cloth and scrub thoroughly. Ovens and kitchen tiles can also be cleaned similarly.

 

5. Relieve Insect Bites

Baking soda can alleviate the itching of a mosquito bite. The alkaline inside the sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the skin irritation, and provides instant relief. Add a teaspoon of baking soda into a glass of water, and then dip the mixture on the affected areas by using a clean cloth. 

 

6. Relieve Heartburn

There are many natural home remedies for treating heartburn, including a feature we did here. One of the remedies includes baking soda. Baking soda acts as a natural antacid when mixed with water, and helps reduce acid reflux. Add half a teaspoon of baking soda to half a glass of warm water. Make sure the solution dissolves well before drinking. 

 

7. Relieve Skin Irritation 

Baking soda helps relieve skin irritations when applied as a paste with witch hazel. Gently apply the paste on the itchy spots, and let it relieve the discomfort. You should consult with a physician beforehand if you suffer from dermatitis or other serious skin disease.

 

8. Deodorize the Refrigerator 

Baking soda can eliminate horrible smells from the fridge and keep it deodorized. Sprinkle a little baking soda with water onto a damp sponge, and clean the refrigerator thoroughly. Make sure you remove all the food before cleaning the shelves out.  

 

9. Remove Oil and Grease

Another excellent use for baking soda is that it can be used to remove oil and grease stains from upholstery. Place a little dab of the baking soda onto a clean white cloth, and allow between 10-15 minutes for the substance to go to work. The oil and grease stains should magically dissolve by that point. 

 

10. Simple Floor Cleaner

Baking soda can act as a natural floor cleaner to remove unwanted stains. Add a half cup of baking soda into a bucket of warm water, and use the mixture to mop up the mess. Some people even add a little dash of lemon extract for a fresh and pleasant smell. The baking soda also acts as a disinfectant.

 

11. Polish Silver Flatware

Are you having a hard time removing the grease from your beautiful silverware? Baking soda will have it sparkling in no time! You'll need some aluminum foil, a glass dish, a tablespoon of baking soda, a tablespoon of sea salt, half a cup of white vinegar and a cup of boiling hot water. Dip the silverware into the mix, and use a pair of tongs to remove them from the boiling water.  

 

12. Remove Odors from Your Hands

Baking soda can clean your hands from heavy-smelling odors. Sprinkle a little baking soda onto your hands, and rub them together. You can even add some toothpaste or mouthwash to one hand and rub. Don't forget to rinse your hands with water after.

 

13. Deodorize Garbage Disposals 

There is no smell quite as unpleasant as a clogged garbage disposal, especially during the summer time. Pour a cup of baking soda down the drain, while allowing warm water to run. The soda neutralizes the foul odor, giving your garbage disposal a fresh clean smell.  

 

14. Homemade Air Freshener 

The vast majority of air fresheners contain harmful chemicals and toxins that are unsafe to breathe in. Baking soda acts as a natural ingredient to help sanitize any disinfected areas. Mix a tablespoon of baking soda with water into an empty spray bottle, and voila!

 

15. A Self-Made Deodorant 

1/3 cup coconut oil 2 tablespoons baking soda  1/3 cup arrowroot powder  10 to 15 essential oils of preference (optional)  Mix everything into a small mixing bowl. You can add the essential oils after the mixture has been made. Place the concoction into a small container, and allow it to sit for a few minutes before applying the solution. 

 

16. Clean Your Combs and Brushes 

We can get rid of oil buildup and residue from our combs or brushes simply by adding baking soda. Soak the combs or brushes forn 15 minutes into a solution of a table spoon of baking soda and water. Let them dry out on a towel afterward.      

 

17. Keep Cut Flowers Fresher for Longer Periods 

Baking soda can help extend the longevity of the cut flowers by adding a teaspoon of the white sodium powder to the water in the vase. 

 

18. Pamper Your Feet 

Baking soda eliminates foot odors, fungus, and even Athlete's foot. Soak your feet in a tub of warm water, and then add about 3 tablespoons of baking soda. The homemade pedicure should help get rid of the bacteria causing the unpleasant foot odors. 

 

19. Carpet Deodorizer 

Sprinkle a dash of baking soda over your carpeting to remove harsh stains. Baking soda absorbs the odors naturally. Allow the soda to settle into the carpeting for a few hours before vacuuming it up. 

 

20. Easy Microwave Cleanup

Baking soda can help clean out all the spilled sauces inside the microwave. Mix two tablespoons of baking soda into a bowl with a cup of water, and let the concoction settle for three minutes. Your microwave will be as good as new!

 

21. Freshen Coat Closets 

Keep an open box of baking soda inside your closet to remove any odors that are trapped inside. The powerful, powdery scent will keep your closets fresh and clean all year round. The closet floor can be mopped using a vinegar and baking soda mix.

 

22. Keep Ants Away 

Ants are terrible pests, and they can invade our home in the blink of an eye! Baking soda stops the tiny pests in their tracks. A home-made pest solution with a little baking soda and a trail of regular sugar can do wonders. The sugar is what attracts them, while the baking soda kills them. Pest problem solved! 

 

23. Whitens and cleans laundry.

That’s because it’s an alkali — a soluble salt — that can help remove dirt and stains. An alkali, like baking soda, works by interacting with acids in stains when dissolved in water.

To try it out, add 1/2 cup (110 g) of baking soda to your regular amount of laundry detergent. It also helps soften the water, so you may need less detergent than usual.

24. Removing pesticides frrom fruits and vegetables

Many people are concerned about pesticide residue on foods. Pesticides are used to protect crops from insects, germs, rodents, and weeds, but many have harmful effects on human health. Peeling fruit is the best way to remove pesticides. However, it also means you don’t get all of the important nutrients, such as fiber, vitamins, and minerals, found in the skins of many fruits. S baking soda wash is the most effective way to remove the remenants of pesticides from farm produce.

 

25. Scorched pots and pans cleaner

It’s easy to accidentally scorch the bottom of a pot while cooking. These can be a nightmare to clean, but you can save a scorched pot with baking soda and water. Sprinkle a generous amount of baking soda on the bottom of the pot, and add enough water to cover the burnt areas. Bring the mixture to a boil and empty the pan as usual or scrub gently and your clean pot is back.

 

Baking soda is 4 million years ago when salt lakes around the world evaporated and formed trona deposits. Trona is the rock that’s processed into soda ash (sodium carbonate), a naturally occurring mineral. Soda ash can then be processed to make baking soda. The world’s largest deposit of trona is in Wyoming, which produced more than 17 million tons of the mineral in 2018 for export around the world. In India it is manufactured by Tata Chemicals in its state of the art facility in Mithapur, Gujarat.

 

 

HOW TO GET THE BEST OUT OF A.I?

  

If you've used ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, or any of their cousins, you already know the feeling: sometimes the answer is brilliant, and sometimes it's a wordy mess that misses the point entirely. The difference, more often than not, isn't the AI - it's how we're talking to it. These tools have quickly become some of the most powerful productivity helpers ever invented. They can draft emails in seconds, summarize long articles, brainstorm ideas, plan trips, explain confusing medical terms, and help you compose the perfect birthday note to a grandchild. But most people are only scratching the surface, because they keep tripping over the same handful of mistakes. Once you know what they are, they're remarkably easy to fix and no technical background or smart programming are required.

 

Do not ask Vague Questions

Proper prompts are essential for a large language model (LLM) to function. These have to be clear cut and accurate and not vague and open ended. This is the single most common reason people walk away disappointed. If one types "Write me an email to my doctor" or "Give me ideas for my anniversary" - and then wonder why the response feels bland, generic, or off-target, the LLM can not be blamed. Think of it this way: if you walked into a restaurant and told the waiter "Bring me food," you'd probably get something edible, but it almost certainly wouldn't be what you actually wanted. AI tools work the same way. They aren't mind readers. They take what you give them, and a thin prompt produces a thin answer.

Compare these two prompts:

Vague: "Write a letter to my neighbor about the fence."

Specific: "Write a polite but firm 150-word letter to my neighbor letting them know that the wooden fence between our yards is leaning into my garden bed and needs repair. I'd like to stay friendly because we've lived next door for fifteen years, but I want to make clear that I'd like it fixed within the next month."

The second prompt tells the AI everything it needs: the length, the tone, the relationship, the specific problem, and the desired outcome. The result will be dramatically better, often usable with only a small tweak or two.

 

How to avoid a catastrophe?

Before hitting "enter," ask yourself four quick questions:

1.      Who is this for? (My grandson, my insurance company, a casual friend?)

2.      What's the purpose? (Persuade, inform, entertain, apologize?)

3.      How long should it be? (Two sentences? A full page?)

4.      What tone do I want? (Warm, formal, playful, businesslike?)

Put those answers into your prompt and you'll see the quality of your results improve immediately.

A useful habit: treat your AI prompt like instructions to a thoughtful but brand-new assistant. The more they know about the job, the better they'll do it.

 

Do not forget to give the AI Context and Examples

Even a well-worded prompt can fall flat if the AI doesn't know your situation. Many people leave out the very details that would help the AI deliver something genuinely useful - not because they're hiding anything, but because they forget that the AI is starting from a completely blank slate every single time. It doesn't know you, your family, your job, or what you've been working on, unless you tell it.

Let me give you an example - "Help me write a toast for a wedding" will produce a perfectly serviceable generic toast. But: "Help me write a five-minute toast for my daughter Smita's wedding. She's marrying Diwakar, an architect she met in college. I'm her father, I want the tone to be warm and lightly humorous, and I'd like to mention how she used to organize pretend weddings for her stuffed animals as a child."

Now the AI has a real story to work with - and the result will feel personal instead of pulled from a template.

Show AI, don't just tell

If you want the AI to match a certain style or tone, paste in a sample. "Write a Alumni newsletter in the style of this one I sent last year - [paste it in here]." The AI will pick up on your voice, your sentence rhythms, and your favorite turns of phrase. This single trick can transform AI output from "obviously written by a robot" into something that sounds genuinely like you.

Give the AI a role to play

1.      This role-play surprisingly changes the quality of its answers. Try starting with phrases like: "You are a patient retired English teacher helping me edit this..."

2.      "Act as a financial advisor explaining this concept to someone with no background in investing..."

3.      "Pretend you're a travel guide who specializes in walking tours of small European cities..."

When AI has a designated role, it gives more satisfactory answers.

Provide AI with background knowledge

Before you ask your question, take ten seconds to add a sentence or two of background. Who you are, who it's for, what you've already tried, and a sample if you've got one. This small investment of context pays off enormously in output quality.

 

Don’t give up on AI easily

Walking Away after the First Try is foolish. This is perhaps new to you, spend time in befriending it. People often treat AI like a vending machine: push a button, accept whatever comes out, walk away grumbling if it isn't quite right. But AI isn't a vending machine - it's a conversation. And the magic almost always happens on the second, third, or fourth exchange, not the first. If the response isn't what you wanted, you don't need to start over with a brand-new prompt. You can simply tell the AI what to change, the same way you'd give feedback to a writer or editor.

Some of the most useful follow-up phrases include:

1.      "That's too formal - make it warmer and more conversational."

2.      "Cut this in half. Keep only the most important points."

3.      "Give me three different versions, each with a different tone."

4.      "You missed the most important point: [explain]. Try again."

5.      "Make this sound more like something I'd actually say."

6.      "Now rewrite it for a reader who doesn't know much about the topic."

This is also the secret behind how professional writers get great results from AI: they iterate. They don't expect perfection on the first pass - they expect a starting point, then they sculpt it. You can even write "Look back at what you just wrote. What are its weakest points, and how could it be improved?" You'll often be surprised at how thoughtfully it identifies its own flaws - and the rewrite that follows is usually much stronger.

You can also ask the AI to ask you questions before producing anything. A prompt like "Before you answer, ask me three clarifying questions to make sure you have what you need" can turn a mediocre exchange into an excellent one. Suddenly the AI is interviewing you, drawing out the specifics it needs to do a great job.

Always think of the first response as a draft, not a final answer. Plan to spend at least one or two follow-up messages refining it. You'll get vastly better results - often in less total time than starting over from scratch.

 

Don’t trust everything AI tells you

This is the most important mistake we make with AI and this can cause real harm. AI tools have a habit known as "hallucination" - a friendly-sounding name for a serious problem. They will sometimes invent facts, make up statistics, fabricate quotations, or cite books, studies, and court cases that don't actually exist. And here's the part that catches people off guard: the AI sounds just as confident when it's wrong as when it's right. The headlines are sobering. Lawyers have been fined and publicly embarrassed for filing court documents stuffed with AI-invented case citations. A major tech company's stock dropped sharply after its AI confidently stated a factual error during a public demo. Travel articles generated by AI have recommended visiting non-existent landmarks. Medical chatbots have been caught producing fabricated citations to reputable journals to back up dangerous health claims. The pattern is clear: AI is brilliant at generating text that sounds right. Whether it is right is a different question entirely.

So, when it comes to health and medical information - never act on AI medical advice without confirming with your doctor. Financial and legal questions - tax rules, inheritance issues, insurance details, contract language all need to be duly verified by experts. Confirm with a professional, AI cannot replace a qualified professional. Always double check:

1.      Specific numbers, dates, and statistics - especially anything you plan to share, publish, or act on

2.      Citations and references - if the AI quotes a book, study, or article, check that it actually exists before relying on it

3.      Recent news and current events - many AI models have a cutoff date for their knowledge and may not know what happened last week, last month, or even last year.

Treat AI output the same way you'd treat advice from a very well-read but occasionally unreliable friend - useful as a starting point, but always worth verifying for anything important. A simple rule of thumb: if you'd be embarrassed to be wrong about it, take two minutes to check it against a trusted source. Many AI tools now have a web search feature built in - turning it on is one of the easiest ways to reduce the risk of hallucinated facts.

 

Don’t cram everything into one giant prompt

It's tempting, when you have a big project, to dump the whole thing into the AI at once. "Plan my two-week trip to Italy: I want flights from Delhi, hotels in four cities, a day-by-day itinerary, restaurant recommendations for each dinner, a packing list, useful Italian phrases, tips on tipping etiquette, and a budget breakdown."

The AI will give you something - but it will almost certainly be shallow, generic, and full of errors, because you've asked it to juggle eight different jobs at once. AI tools, like people, produce their best work when they can focus on one thing at a time. The fix is simple: break big projects into a series of smaller, focused conversations, letting each step build on the one before it. Using the Italy example, a much better approach would be:

1.      First, ask for help choosing which four cities to visit based on your interests, time, and travel pace.

2.      Once you've picked them, ask for a suggested order and rough number of nights in each.

3.      Then ask for a sample day-by-day plan for the first city.

4.      Then ask for restaurant ideas for that city in your price range.

5.      Then move on to the next city, and so on.

You'll end up with vastly better answers - and because each step is focused, you'll also catch any mistakes more easily before they get baked into the larger plan.

This same principle applies to almost any project: writing a long letter, planning a family gathering, researching a major purchase, learning a new topic. Small, focused exchanges beat one giant ask, every time.

 

Know what AI is good at and what it isn't

It's wonderful for drafting, summarizing, brainstorming, explaining, and rephrasing. It's less reliable for arithmetic, very recent news (unless web search is on), and anything requiring real-world judgment about your personal life. When in doubt, use AI as a thinking partner - not the final decision-maker.

 

So, I hope you have understood the scope of the available LLMs and how we can make the best use of them. They are like a new friend whom you have recently met, with time your friendship will only get mature and it will be of more and more help. You will understand its strong point and its limitations and eventually your relationship will become sound and fruitful.

BEDSIDE TEACHING ROUND WITH PROF. C.G. AGARWAL

 

Prof. C G Agrawal was our teacher in Medicine, when we were doing our MBBS in King George's Medical College in Lucknow. Even today, decades after his retirement, he remains a highly skilled and well known Physician in Lucknow. His home in Niralanagar still attracts patients from all over the state and even from surrounding states and Nepal. He remains the last word in diabetology and his patients almost worship him.

 

Dr. Agarwal completed MBBS in 1966 and MD - Medicine from King George Medical College, Lucknow in 1970. He is a very respected member of Association of Physicians of India, Indian Medical Association (IMA) and American College of Chest Physicians. Decorated with Gold Medal in MD, Dr. Agrawal has also been conferred with Certificate of Honour in 1966. He is a Diplomat American Board of Int. Medicine (1972) from Harvard in the U.S.

 

Prof. Agarwal was a very young teacher, fresh from his overseas training, when we were studying Medicine. He was quite a charismatic person, with lots of stories to attract our attention and convey his message. So, whenever, during his lectures, he would hear a hum he would stop and break into one of his stories, how he met Gregory Peck or how once in Heathrow, while waiting for his flight, Elizabeth Taylor helped him to pick up the tie he was wearing that day! These stories were enough to regain our complete attention, and then he would continue with the lesson being taught. We, the students, were literally in awe of him, and many would spend the next weekend searching for a tie like his one!

 

Today, I am reminded of a morning ward teaching round, in which four from our batch were allotted two patients by his Senior Resident, on the prior evening, to present before him, one of bronchiectasis and one of hypotension. Dr. Agarwal walked in the Medicine ward, cheerful as ever. I presented the patient who had bronchiectasis.

 

Bronchiectasis is a condition where repeated infections cause the bronchus and its branches to widen or develop pouches. It makes it hard to clear mucus out of the lungs and can cause frequent repeat infections. Coughing a lot with pus and mucus is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. 

 

After this presentation by us he asked us to examine the patient in his presence and then he showed us how the coarse and leathery crepitations of Bronchiectasis sound and how they are distinctly different from the fine crepitations of CHF, which he demonstrated in another patient. The coarse crepitations of Bronchiectasis were low pitched, longer and early inspiratory sounds, whereas the fine crepitations in the CHF patient were high pitched, brief and late inspiratory sounds.

 

The CHF patient too was coughing, and so was our patient of Bronchiectasis but he showed us how the sputum or phlegm they were bringing out was so very different. The CHF patient had pinkish thin frothy sputum, which, he told us, was a sign of pulmonary edema. Our patient was bringing out thick tenacious yellow coloured sputum, which was a feature of infection. 

 

Fine crepitations are caused by the reopening of small airways and alveoli that have collapsed due to fluid or inflammation. The rapid equalization of pressure during inspiration leads to the characteristic crackling sound. These sounds are similar to the sound of hair being rubbed between your fingers near your ear, he explained.

Coarse crepitations, on the other hand, are caused by air passing through larger airways that contain fluid or mucus. So, they indicate presence of secretions in large airways. The intermittent opening of these airways produces the characteristic sound. These sounds resemble bubbling or the sound of Velcro being pulled apart. In our patient of Bronchiectasis these sounds were very coarse, and almost leathery.

 

Dr. Agarwal then went on to explain that when we are ill, especially if it is an illness that involves a hacking cough, it is not uncommon to cough up phlegm, or sputum. The color of this mucus phlegm can tell us a lot about the pathogens that have caused the infection. The body is a mucus-making machine, producing around 1 to 1.5 liters of this gel-like substance every single day, even when you're healthy, he explained.  In health, phlegm/mucus is mostly clear and minimal. If you are coughing up significant amounts of phlegm you could have an infection or allergies.

Phlegm is produced by our patient because his respiratory tract has become inflamed, which leads to the coughing. The phlegm can be of different colours and each of these convey a message to the physician:

 

White or Gray Phlegm 

If your patient is coughing up white or gray phlegm then this could be a sign of an upper respiratory tract infection or sinus congestion.

Normally, paranasal sinuses don’t drip, but when there's inflammation, either viral or bacterial, it can cause a drip from the sinus into your throat. This post nasal drip will make your patient caugh when he tries to sleep.

Coughing up gray phlegm could be a sign that your body is trying to rid itself of resin or tars that have accumulated as a result of excessive smoking or inhalation of air pollutants like smog or dust. 

 

Green or Dark Yellow Phlegm 

Coughing up thick and dark yellow phlegm could be a sign of a viral or bacterial infection, or a lower respiratory tract infection. Usually, this occurs when the body's immune system sends white blood cells, the neutrophils, to the area of infection. These cells contain a green protein, which, when present in large numbers, give the mucus a greenish tint. 

 

Brown phlegm 

Smokers tend to produce more brown phlegm, which often comes out mixed with saliva in a grainy texture. Smoking can cause the phlegm to turn brown because of the resin, tar and other particulate matter in cigarettes, which the body is trying to expel. If you don't smoke and are coughing up brown phlegm, it could be down to the food and drink that you're consuming - Chocolate, coffee, and red wine to name but a few.

Pink Phlegm 

Coughing up pink phlegm could be a sign of a pulmonary edema, or Congestive Heart Failure, as we saw in the other patient. When seen in small amounts, it can also be a sign of bleeding because of repeated coughing. This type of phlegm can sometimes have a frothy texture - this is especially common in those who have pre-existing heart problems. 

 

Bloody Phlegm 

Blood in the phlegm is known as haemoptysis, while streaks of blood in phlegm is a benign sign of bronchitis. Coughing up a large quantity of bloody phlegm could be a sign of tuberculosis, pneumonia, cancer, or pulmonary embolism. 

 

So, Dr. Agarwal concluded that the nature, the amount and the colour of the phlegm is vital to come to a clinical diagnosis. 

 

Our group now walked to the next patient. My colleague presented the lady as a patient of hypotension. This was a new admission, still being investigated and so after examining the patient, and finding no major clinical signs to demonstrate, Dr. Agarwal gave us an idea of how to approach a patient of hypotension.

A reading of less than 90/60 mm HG is considered hypotension. Everyone’s blood pressure drops occasionally and doesn’t cause any noticeable symptoms, he said. For example, the transition from a sitting or lying down position to a standing up one can cause a drop in blood pressure.  This is postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension.

However, certain conditions can cause prolonged periods of hypotension that can be harmful:

·         Significant blood loss due to an injury – oligovolumic shock

·         poor circulation due to a heart condition

·         pregnancy

·         dieting to lose weight

·         infections of the bloodstream - septicemia

·         anaphylactic shock

·         diabetes - baroreflex dysfunction of diabetic neuropathy

·         thyroid disease.

Furthermore, certain medications such as beta-blockers, erectile dysfunction drugs, and antidepressants can also cause hypotension.

When the blood pressure drops, baroreceptors (nerve endings within the carotid arteries and heart) respond by sending signals to the brain to increase the heartbeat and constrict (narrow) blood vessels to raise blood pressure. A faulty baroreflex prevents adequate raising of the heart rate and constriction of blood vessels when standing, leading to a sustained drop in blood pressure.

 

Having persistent low blood pressure is harmful. If the blood pressure gets severely low, the body will not receive enough oxygen to carry out normal functions. A decrease in oxygen levels can lead to impaired functioning of the heart and brain as well as cause difficulty breathing. In certain cases, people suffering from low blood pressure can lose consciousness or go into shock.

 

Signs & Symptoms of Hypotension

 

1. Dizziness or Light-Headedness - A low blood pressure causes poor blood flow to the brain. This decreases the oxygen supply to the brain and makes you feel dizzy and light-headed. This is often associated with a sudden change in position, such as standing up to quickly or waking up in the morning.

2. Fatigue - Low blood pressure will affect your patient’s energy levels, causing fatigue. The flow of blood throughout the body plays a key role in the production of energy as it provides the body with oxygen and other necessary nutrients. The mitochondria with cells require nutrients for energy production. When there is a disruption in the blood flow due to a decrease in blood pressure, it disrupts the energy creation process, which in turn causes fatigue and tiredness.

3. Rapid Heart Rate or tachycardia - Poor blood flow to the heart causes it to contract irregularly. If the heart is not getting the required amount of blood, it tries to compensate for this by beating faster. This can cause the pulse and breathing to speed up, and even a frequent change in body temperature.

4. Cold, Clammy Skin - Having cold, clammy and pale skin is another sign of low blood pressure, especially when it’s also accompanied by a rapid heartbeat and shallow breathing. This occurs when there’s not enough blood circulating in your body due to a drop in blood pressure.

5. Lack of Concentration - Due to a decrease in blood pressure, blood is not being moved to the brain at a normal rate. As a result, the brain cells are not getting the required oxygen and nourishment that they need to function properly. This makes it hard to concentrate. If you start to feel foggy and can’t concentrate on what you’re doing despite trying hard, get your blood pressure checked.

6. Unusual Thirst - Being unusually thirsty means that you’re dehydrated, which can at times cause your blood pressure to drop. In fact, this is your body’s way of telling you that you need to add more water to your blood, in an attempt to raise your blood pressure.

7. Blurred Vision - The lack of oxygen in the blood resulting from a drop in blood pressure affects eye movements significantly. Suddenly experiencing blurry vision can be scary, and the effect can be long-lasting or permanent, as this can be caused by glaucoma, myopia, retinal detachment, and a migraine too.

 

 

Treatments for Hypotension

•       Drink plenty of water to avoid a drop in blood pressure due to dehydration. 

·         Intravenous fluids / blood transfusion

•       Do not cross your legs when you sit. 

•       Avoid standing up quickly from a sitting or sleeping position.

•       Get enough sleep so you always feel refreshed. 

•       Eat foods rich in essential vitamins B12 and folic acid to prevent anemia. 

•       Avoid smoking and drinking in excess, as both can cause poor circulation. 

•       Learn your triggers and try to avoid them

 

This is how our morning teaching round with Dr. C.G. Agarwal ended. Dr. Agarwal is a great communicator and there are many videos in YouTube to testify for the same. He graced our Golden Jubilee reunion in December 2025. We pray to God for his long and productive life.