REMEMBERING PROF. D. KUTTY - FIGHT CERVICAL CANCER BY VACCINATION AND EARLY DETECTION

Prof. Kutty, Prof. Meena Mukherjee, Prof. Prabha Mehra, Dr. Kalyani Das, Dr. Chandrawati, Dr. Asha Harish and Dr. Lakshmi Singh taught us Obstetrics and Gynaecology in King George's Medical College, Lucknow. They were all kept very busy because ladies from all over the state and even from Nepal and Bihar would come to Lucknow for treatment as our OBG service had a stellar reputation. Despite being so busy, being surrounded by patients in OPD and in the wards, these ladies were always smiling and their affection for students was matched only by their simplicity. Whether in lectures or in demonstrations or in ward rounds, they were always keen to teach, but I cannot vouch for the fact whether we were keen to study. 

Prof. Kutty was our Head of the Department and a wonderful teacher. She had a soft corner for the poorest of the poor and would go an extra mile to accommodate their surgery even when her O.T, list was over spilling. She would often go to a hospital run by her spiritual Guru Swami Sivananda ji Maharaj in Haridwar to offer her services to the poor and after her retirement she permanently shifted to Haridwar and worked in Shivananda Charitable Hospital with the same zeal and zest with which she worked in K.G.M.C.

Prof. Devaki Kutty was from Kerala and did her graduation from Madras Medical College. Her destiny and our good luck brought her to King George's Medical College in Lucknow where she rose to the position of Head of the Department. Her parents stayed with her and in one of her vacations with her parents to Badrinath and during this trip she came across saint and sage H.H. Sri Swami Sivanandaji Maharaj of Muni-Ki-Reti, Sivananda Ashram, a couple of km further from Rishikesh on the road to Badrinath Dham. She visited the Ashram and knew that this was the place she would be visiting again and again to serve the suffering humanity. Her Gurudev imparted a spiritual impulse to her life and set into activity her latent spirituality. The devotee in her also became a Sadhika. 

Then onwards every year, year after year, she would depart from Lucknow the evening of the very day her annual leave commenced and arrive in Rishikesh the next morning and immediately start her Bhakti and Karma Yoga Seva at the Ashram for 30 days. Her house at Jagat Narayan Road itself became the venue for the spiritual gatherings and Satsang and Bhajans for the devotees. 

 

Four decades ago cervical cancer was a major death risk for women all over the world, mainly because by the time this form of cancer enters its later stages, it has very few obvious outward symptoms. I remember Prof. D. Kutty, teaching us about Cancer Cervix, but the situation is not that gloomy any more. Nowadays it can be detected early with Pap smear tests and education about warning signs, is dropping the death rate of this disease significantly. That is the reason why I am liberally borrowing from the recent literature and augmenting my 45 years old class notes, as almost every aspect of the disease has changed in all these years, and yet it remains the second commonest cancer in women in India at 22.8%, second only to Breast cancer (27%). Every year 60,000 ladies fall victim to Cervical cancer in our country.

Both medical professionals and the female population must learn the warning signs and risk factors associated with cervical cancer, to help prevent this deadly disease from winning.

 

Factors that increase the risk for cervical cancer

1.      HPV - The Human Papilloma Virus is spread through skin contact and considered a virus that can lead to cervical cancer. It can be detected through pap smears or if warts develop. There is a vaccine against it.

2.      Oral contraception - Some of the hormones released through this form of birth control can create an ideal breeding ground for this cancer. The risk increases the longer one takes the pills and doubles after 5 years of consumption.

3.      Diet – There is a higher risk of cervical cancer for overweight women and women whose diets lack essential nutrients.

4.      Chlamydia – Women have been infected with chlamydia in the past or currently infected from it reveal a higher risk for cervical cancer infection.

5.      Pregnancies - Little is known why women who have had 3 or more full-term pregnancies have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer, however, it’s something to be aware of.

6.      Early sexual activity - Having sex at an early age increases your risk of HPV

7.      Early first pregnancy – Women who have a full-term pregnancy before the age of 17 are twice as likely to develop cervical cancer later in life as women who had their first pregnancy after the age of 25.

8.      Increasing number of sexual partners - The greater your number of sexual partners, and the greater your partner's number of sexual partners, the greater your chance of getting HPV

9.      HIV – The human immunodeficiency virus damages the immune system, increasing the risk of HPV infection.

10. Genetics– This is more controversial, however some research presents evidence that the risk is more probable if you have family members who have developed the disease.

11. Smoking - This can double the risk. The by-products of tobacco can damage the DNA of cervix cells, contributing the development of cancer. Smoking can also damage the immune system, creating a weakened system for fighting infections like HPV.

 

The warning sign symptoms

Millions of women continue overlooking symptoms - either due to a significant lack of awareness about cervical cancer and its symptoms, or fear, stigma, and a culture of silence that contributes to delayed screening. These womenare not just from rural area, many of them are youngsters, educated and from urban areas. Unfortunately, the early stages of cervical cancer lack both visual and physical symptoms. In the onset stages these are the typical symptoms:  

1. Leg pain - Some women experience swelling and pain in their legs. This can even be in the early stages. What happens is that the cervix swells, leading to an obstructed blood flow, causing the leg to swell and a feel a painful sensation.  

2. Vaginal discharge – Normally women will have small amounts of clear, odorless discharge. If the amount increases accompanied by an unpleasant smell and an irregular occurrence, this could signify the onset of cervical cancer.  

3. Unexplained vaginal bleeding – This is the most common of all the symptoms. If a woman has vaginal bleeding outside of her period or if she is postmenopausal, this can indicate cervical cancer. If one experiences ongoing bleeding in between menstrual periods or after sexual intercourse, contact your physician.  

4. Discomfort during urination – This more obvious symptom is described as a tight and concentrating stinging sensation when urinating, although it can feature other discomforting sensations. It’s important to keep track of your urinal patterns. If there are urinary symptoms, it can mean the cancer has spread to nearby tissue and you should consult with a physician for immediate attention.  

5. Irregular urination – Changes in your urinary frequency and appearance can indicate cervical cancer. If you notice more frequent urination, your urine is discolored or with blood, or there are noticeable changes to your regular routine and the development of incontinence (loss of bladder control) you should seek medical input from a professional.  

6. Pelvic pain – Although a fairly routine burden of being a women, if pains and cramps last for long bouts frequently, with pain more intense than regular and outside your menstrual period, this should be looked at by your doctor.

7. Back pain – This is a common symptom that can happen for a number of reasons, however if this is experienced along with a number of the other symptoms on this list, you should go for a medical check-up.  

8. Irregular monthly cycles – Your monthly periods should reach a consistent level with characteristic symptoms after adolescence and if you notice a change in the regular routine, whether in frequency or symptoms, it’s best to contact a physician.  

9. Painful intercourse – Discomfort during sex is called dyspareunia, and this unpleasant side effect can be a sign of cervical cancer. If it’s not cervical cancer it is still commonly linked to a disease and should be tended to by medical professionals.  

10. Loss weight & fatigue – cervical cancer can deplete the number of healthy red blood cells because there will be a higher presence of white blood cells fighting the disease. This results in anemia, which leads to lower energy levels and weight loss. If you suddenly feel tired and lose weight for no reason, it doesn't automatically means you have cervical cancer, but if accompanied by other symptoms on this list it could serve as a warning sign. In either scenario if you have unexplained weight loss and fatigue, talk to your doctor.

 

Types of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is divided into types based on the type of cell in which the cancer begins. The main types of cervical cancer are:

• Squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cervical cancer begins in thin, flat cells, called squamous cells. The squamous cells line the outer part of the cervix. Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
• Adenocarcinoma. This type of cervical cancer begins in the column-shaped gland cells that line the cervical canal.

Sometimes, both types of cells are involved in cervical cancer. Very rarely, cancer occurs in other cells in the cervix.

 

Preventative measures

Unfortunately cervical cancer is hard to treat because too often it’s detected too late. The good news is that cervical cancer can be prevented with knowledge and save practices:

1.      Pap smears – These tests are the best way to screen for the disease. Women ages 20 to 30 should have a test every 3 years. From ages 30 to 65 every 3 to 5 years and women over 65 years don’t need screening if they’ve had 3 tests in a row with regular results. This check-up needs to be undertaken despite having no symptoms at all, starting from the age of 30 and continuing at regular intervals.

2.      HPV vaccine – Medical professionals recommend both men and women have this vaccine to prevent the disease that leads to cervical cancer. The vaccine became available in 2006.

3.      Don’t smoke – Even secondhand smoke can increase the risk of contracting cervical cancer.

4.      Protection against STDs – HPV can be deceptively asymptomatic. If you don’t have a firm grasp of your partner’s sexual history, and haven’t been tested together, always use protection.

 

 The history, largely untold, of the development of cervical cytology, of effective screening and its ultimate success in reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality, and the viral cause of cervical cancer, took place within a complex social background of changing attitudes to women’s health and sexual behaviour. Dr Georges Papanicolaou’s screening method (the Pap smear) started in the US in the 1940s. It was widely used in the UK a decade later and a national programme of cervical screening was established in 1988. The association of sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) with cervical cancer was less readily accepted. The detection of HPV16 in cervical cancers at the end of the 1970s was aided by the explosion of laboratory, clinical, and public health research on new screening tests and procedures. These made possible the successful development, licensing and use of preventive vaccines against the major oncogenic HPV types, HPV16 and -18.

WHAT DO YOU TELL THE PASSING OUT GRADUATES?

 

Teaching goes beyond sharing knowledge; it’s about creating connections and molding lives and laying the foundation of a better world. As educators, we dedicate our time, energy, and hearts to nurturing young minds. Finding the right words can be tough when the time comes to say goodbye. My generation is in that juncture of life when my colleagues are asked by the college administration to deliver the farewell speech to the passing out students. They often turn to me to advice them regarding what should they be telling their students in such a farewell speech.

A well-crafted speech can create a lasting impression, whether you’re retiring, or saying farewell to a graduating class. This will be my format and content. Your’s might differ but such is the occasion that it cannot be much different.

I will usually start with a very brief introduction like today marks the end of our journey together, but it’s just the beginning of yours. As I stand here, looking at your eager faces, I’m filled with a mix of pride and nostalgia. We’ve shared so much over the years – laughter, challenges, and countless “aha” moments. I cannot say you were exceptionally well behaved all the time, but then neither was I an exceptional role model every day. Teaching isn’t a one-way street – you’ve taught me patience, adaptability, and how to explain the same thing in ten different ways until it clicks! So, thank you for that. We the teachers however, have tried to teach you much more than what is written in books. So, as you go out to make your mark on the world stage, I will leave you with a bunch of dos and don’ts, otherwise I will be failing in my teaching responsibilities:

 1. Don’t associate with the wrong people

People who make you feel like you’re not worth their time, who treat you like you’re beneath them, or who never back you up when you need them to are not people deserving of your time and energy. Your dignity is not negotiable. True friends will make time for you and stick with you through thick and thin.

2. Stop avoiding your problems

It may be the easy thing to do in the short term, but in the long run, you’ll just face them again and again. It’s better to tackle hardship head-on. You probably won’t solve your problems instantly, but the process is what counts – learn from your mistakes, adapt, and grow. Eventually, it’ll make you a better, stronger person.

3. Don’t lie to yourself

Honesty is the best policy and the only policy, and being honest with yourself is the most important part of this policy. When you lie to yourself, you know that you’re lying, so it’s pointless and will make you feel like a disingenuous person. Don’t do it.  

4. Don’t ignore your own needs

You may want to be there for all of your friends, all the time, or you may think that your children’s / student’s needs come before your happiness. They don’t. If you suppress your needs, you’ll become tired, because fighting a need is tiresome, and you’ll end up unhappy at best and severely depressed at worst. Take some “me time” - indulge in a hobby or passion. It’s worth it.

5. Be yourself

Trying to be someone you’re not is hard work, and ultimately, you’ll always be afraid others will find out. The most gratifying relationships are with people who appreciate you for who you are, not who you want others to think you are. Be genuine, and try to be the best version of yourself, improving every time.

6. Let go of the past

It cannot be changed, so learn from it and get on with it. Those who dwell in the past are jeopardizing their future.

 7. You can make mistakes

“To err is human, to forgive is divine” – we all make mistakes, and no one is perfect. The only way to make no mistakes is to do nothing, and people who are afraid of mistakes are often paralyzed by that fear. The more things you avoid out of fear, the more regrets you’ll end up having.

8. Let bygones be bygones

Staying up late at night, thinking of all of the things you did wrong, all of the conversations that could have gone differently if you’d have said (or hadn't said) that one thing? You’re wasting your time and energy. Past mistakes are made and then are in your past - you can learn from them, make amends, and move on. The knowledge learned from the mistakes you made in the past are helping to shape your future. They will end up making you a better person.

9. Money can’t buy you happiness

That new TV, shiny car, those diamond earrings – they may make you happy for a few minutes, a few days or even a couple of years, but true happiness comes from within. Follow your passions and enjoy life – that will make you truly happy.

10. Happiness is in you, not in other people

Other people are looking for happiness just like you, they may like to join you for the ride, but the only person responsible for your happiness - is you.

11. A rolling stone gathers no moss

Problems and fears can paralyze you and get you stuck. You may need to stop over-thinking and try a different approach, but always take decisive action once you do. Sure, you’ll make mistakes, but at least you won’t be stuck anymore.

12. Don’t get into a relationship just because you’re lonely

A relationship requires two people who are both ready and willing to be in a relationship. Loneliness may be a terrible feeling, but being with the wrong person ends up feeling even worse. You’ll find the right person as long as you’re true to yourself.

13. Don’t wait until you’re “ready”

Life will always find ways to surprise you. Opportunities arise when you least expect them. You may never be ready, but don’t let it stop you. When an opportunity comes knocking – take it. When you need to do something – do it. Don’t get stuck in your comfort zone.

14. Life is not a competition

Stop comparing yourself to other people. There will always be someone who seems better looking, smarter, richer, or more talented. Nobody is perfect, including you. Your success is your own - between you and yourself.

15. Self-pity and complaints will get you nowhere

Wallowing in your own misery and constantly complaining doesn’t solve your problems and also tends to push people away. Consider every time something bad happened, and find the good that came out of it. You’ll realize that hardship is just a matter of perspective.

16. Grudges are bad for your health

Holding on to anger and hate will push people away and end up hurting you and your loved ones. To forgive doesn’t mean ignoring what was done to you, but rather to acknowledge it and refuse to let it dampen your happiness. Also, remember to forgive yourself as well.

17. Don’t let others make you stoop to their level

Refuse to lower your standards to accommodate those who refuse to raise theirs.

18. Stop wasting time on justifying yourself

Your friends don’t require explanations, and enemies won’t care. As long as you know in your heart that you are right, stop apologizing.

19. If something doesn’t work, try a different approach

Always have a Plan B. Albert Einstein once said that the definition of insanity is “doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.”

20. Perfect is the enemy of good

Perfection is impossible No one and nothing is perfect, and perfectionists are often the most frustrated people in the world. Give it your best and it really doesn’t matter if it is not perfect; it is your genuine effort that counts.

21. Don’t separate optimism from realism

Sometimes things fall apart, and that’s okay. Sometimes you feel weak, and that’s also okay. You can’t pretend that everything is fine when it clearly isn’t, so don’t avoid the truth – embrace it.

22. The easiest choice is not always the best one

Nothing worthwhile is ever easy, and the easy way out often leaves you feeling empty. Dare. Take risks. A truly extraordinary life is never an easy one. Challenge yourself, come out of your comfort zone. This is the only way to success.

23. Take responsibility for your actions  

The only person you can control in this world is you. Other people can’t make your dreams come true for you, nor can they take the blame for your mistakes. Don’t give other people power over you.

24. Worrying has never solved problems

Worrying doesn’t solve problems, but it definitely can create new ones. If you find yourself worrying about something, ask yourself if it will really impact you in the future – if it doesn’t, it’s not worth the worry.

25. Focus on what you want, not what you don’t want

A positive approach helps in two ways – it aids with your happiness and helps you solve problems faster than a negative one.

26. Remember to be grateful

When you wake up each morning, be thankful that you’re alive, appreciate each day, and be grateful for what you’ve got. In other parts of the world, people may not be so lucky.

27. Never stop learning

The world outside these walls is big and sometimes scary, but you’re ready for it. You have the tools, the knowledge, and most importantly, the character to face whatever comes your way. Be kind, be curious, and always keep learning.

28. Never fear failure

Failure is nothing but one of the stepping stones towards success. Don’t ever try to make a more serious issue of failure. It has helped you to rule out a wrong route towards success, it has done its job. Now leave it and trace an alternate part. Remember a failure but don’t let it intimidate you.

Your potential has no limits. Dream big, work hard, and don’t fear failure. Some of life’s greatest lessons come from our mistakes. And when things get tough – because they will – know that you have a whole community cheering you on. You’ve all grown so much, not just in height and girth, but in confidence, skills, and character. I’ve seen shy students find their voice, struggling learners discover their strengths, and natural leaders learn to lift others up. Each of you has something unique and valuable to offer the world. Thank you for your energy, your questions, your challenges, and your growth. You’ve made me a better teacher and a better person.

Education is the most powerful tool we have to change the world. Use it wisely, use it often, and never take it for granted. The future is in your hands, and I have no doubt that it’s going to be brilliant. As you leave these halls, know that you take a piece of all of us with you, just as you leave a piece of yourselves here. Go forth and make your mark on the world. I can’t wait to see what you’ll achieve. 

WELFARE SCHEMES – BRIDGING THE DEEP INCOME DIVIDE

 

Economic growth and social welfare are interdependent for India's progress, as each one fuels and sustains the other. Growth provides the resources for welfare, and welfare builds the human capital necessary to sustain long-term, inclusive growth. A balanced, two-pronged strategy is essential for achieving equitable and sustainable national development.

Welfare schemes should never be confused with election freebies, which are the manifestations of fiscal irresponsibility of an incompetent government. I have written about election freebies in one on my previous blogs, and you can read it by clicking: https://surajitbrainwaves.blogspot.com/2022/04/the-malady-of-election-freebies.html

Welfare schemes are a moral, political, and economic necessity of our journey towards Vikasit Bharat. This is our answer to the question of inequality.

 

The importance of economic growth

Economic growth, measured by a rise in a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), is crucial for national progress for several reasons.

• Generates resources for development: Growth increases national income and tax revenues, allowing the government to invest in essential public services like infrastructure, education, and healthcare.
• Reduces poverty: Growth leads to higher output, which in turn creates employment opportunities and increases average incomes, lifting millions out of poverty and significantly improving their living standards. In the last 10 years India has lifted 27 million people out of poverty.
• Drives innovation: Higher profits encourage private firms to increase investment in research and development (R&D), leading to technological advancements that enhance productivity and global competitiveness. A growing economy encourages businesses to invest, innovate, and expand to meet future demand. This creates a virtuous cycle of investment and growth. 
• Enhances global standing: A strong, growing economy boosts a country's influence and competitiveness on the global stage. Countries can make independent geo-political choices that suit their national interest and not be a yes man to superpowers.
• Funds for welfare programs: High economic growth generates more tax revenue for the government. This increased revenue can be invested in welfare programmes and better social security schemes.

 

The importance of Social Welfare

Despite the benefits of economic growth, it is insufficient on its own. Welfare policies are necessary to ensure that the benefits of progress are shared across all sections of society.

• Promotes human development: Welfare schemes focused on health, education, and nutrition improve citizens' overall well-being, which enhances human capital and labor productivity. The free ration to 80 million people in India is a big step towards this goal. Programs focused on health, nutrition, education, and skill development (like the National Health Mission and Skill India Mission) create a healthier and more capable workforce, increasing overall productivity.
• Alleviating poverty and inequality: While growth can reduce poverty, it doesn't guarantee an equal distribution of wealth. Targeted welfare schemes, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), provide a safety net for vulnerable populations and help reduce income disparity. When mothers receive monthly DBT of Rs. 500 for two years after childbirth in Jharkhand, it was a 10% increase in family income which was spent in food improving the entire family's health as well as the child's cognitive and motor skills. Needless to say that it was a big step towards gender equality.
• Ensures social and political stability: By addressing poverty and inequality, welfare programs help reduce social tensions and discontent, fostering greater political stability. Persistent inequality and lack of access to basic services can lead to social unrest. By addressing the needs of marginalized communities and ensuring social justice, welfare policies foster a more cohesive and stable society.
• Provides a safety net: Welfare acts as a crucial safety net for vulnerable populations during economic downturns, natural disasters, or other crises. Singapore prime minister Mr. Tharaman Shanmugaratnam has introduced a subtle difference between safety net, and a better alternative, trampoline. Both protect people when the fall but the net can trap them but the trampoline bounces them back. Many of our welfare schemes like farm loan waiver, agriculture subsidies tie people to low productivity farming and are like the net. A direct benefit transfer in their bank account, or offering free skill development however enable people to migrate to higher productivity jobs and are like trampoline.
• Broadening economic participation: Schemes that promote financial inclusion, like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), enable more people to access credit and banking services. This expands the consumer base and empowers entrepreneurs at the grassroots level, contributing to broader economic growth.

 

The symbiotic relationship between growth and welfare

Growth and welfare are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary forces that create a virtuous cycle of development.

• Growth funds welfare: Economic growth provides the revenue stream necessary to fund government welfare programs. As the economy expands, the government can allocate more resources toward welfare initiatives without jeopardizing fiscal health.
• Welfare enables growth: Investments in welfare, particularly human capital development through education and healthcare, increase the skills and capabilities of the workforce. A healthier, more educated population is more productive, innovative, and better equipped to drive future economic growth.
• Inclusive growth is sustainable growth: A development model that prioritizes equitable distribution of wealth and opportunities creates a larger, more skilled, and empowered consumer base, which in turn fuels further economic expansion. Inclusive growth is therefore more sustainable and resilient in the long run than growth that benefits only a select few.
• Empowering the marginalized: Inclusive growth moves beyond just high GDP numbers to focus on the quality of life, empowerment, and access to basic services for everyone, regardless of their background.
• Sustainable development: A strategy that invests in people, especially the poor and marginalized, is essential for sustainable and long-term development. Empowering these groups enhances their productivity, ultimately contributing to a more robust economy.
• Fulfilling a constitutional vision: This approach aligns with India's constitutional vision of securing social, economic, and political justice and minimizing inequalities. India's progress is measured not just by its GDP but by its Human Development Index (HDI) and other welfare indicators. 

 

India's approach to balanced progress

India's development model explicitly seeks to balance growth with social responsibility, often referred to as "inclusive growth". 

• Government initiatives: The government has implemented numerous schemes, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), to provide employment, ensure financial inclusion, and mitigate the disproportionate effects of rapid growth.
• Policy framework: As reflected in the approach of organizations like NITI Aayog, India's strategy is to enable private initiative and competition while ensuring equal opportunity for all through carefully designed policies. The goal is to maximize the benefits of growth while minimizing its negative side effects.

The debate should not be so much on the amount of GDP spent on welfare but on its effectiveness. They can be powerful engines of both equity and efficiency if they are planned well, targeted properly, executed timely and regularly, monitored periodically for its short term and long term benefits and altered timely to meet newer challenges.

 

Where do we go wrong?

We go wrong when welfare schemes are not the offspring of a deep ideological thought but of electoral anxiety. Every election witnesses a flurry of welfare schemes or electoral freebies. Tamilnadu pioneered this are when Smt. Jayalalitha, a former Chief Minister, offered everything except a spouse to her voters – television, mixer-grinder, fans, laptops, goats, rice and wedding gold. West Bengal, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Telengana, Karnataka and now Bihar is becoming more and more fiscally irresponsible – the incumbent Chief Minister offering Rs. 10,000 each to 1.27 crore (12.7 million) women and the aspirant matching it with one government job fr every household! Even if the new government jobs pay Rs. 15,000 a month, the budget will surpass the Union budget! These can not be well directed welfare schemes because they are neither well thought, nor well planned, nor prior budgeted and fiscal discipline is being sacrificed at the alter of electoral arithmetic. Such fiscal hara-kiri keeps the states perpetually poor and in debt.

How can we improve?

·        There are many overlapping schemes of central and state governments. Though politically difficult, but consolidating them into fewer, better funded, more coherent trampoline programmes will increase their reach.

·        Sporadic announcements before elections and erratic delivery after elections can not be helpful. Welfare should arrive in time every time like the Kisan Samman Nidhi.

·        Welfare should not be forced upon them but the beneficiary must have the choice of choosing the welfare that will be most useful - input subsidy or income support. This will offer them an opportunity to migrate from non productive farming to the more productive urban jobs.

 

Economic growth and social welfare are both crucial for India's progress because they create a self-reinforcing cycle of development, leading to long-term prosperity and stability. Growth provides the resources to fund welfare programs, while welfare programs empower citizens, creating a more productive workforce that fuels further growth. 

The welfare programme should not be just a safety net, because a net like a farm loan waiver, can trap the receiver into an low productive farming.  It should be like a trampoline like a Direct Benefit Transfer and skill development, which can bounce them back to a better and more productive job and a brighter future. Improving their design and delivery of welfare is essential so that this responsible fiscal commitment translates to maximum impact. Done right, welfare can protect the vulnerable, empower upward mobility, and boost productivity. This is the only way to achieve Vikasit Bharat.

FUN WITH CONTRONYMS AND PALINDROMES

 

 

CONTRONYMS

We all know about synonyms and antonyms. But have you ever heard of contronyms? When the same word has two meanings that contradict themselves we call them contronyms. These are ‘two faced’ words and their meanings can be opposite of each other, or contradictory, depending on the context. Other ways to refer to a contronym are auto-antonym and antagonym. Contronyms are also sometimes called Janus words. Janus was an ancient Roman god who had two faces looking in opposite directions, so the parallel between contronyms and the ancient Roman deity is pretty apparent. This is the same God in whose name we have the month of January! Let us look at a few examples of contronyms:

 

Cleave: This can mean both – divide and hug tightly. Rudra wielded his axe and cleaved the log into two, and Young beaver pups cleave to their mother in the water until they are strong enough to swim on their own.

 

Sanction: It may either mean to authorize, approve, or allow as in “My parents wouldn’t sanction video games in our home because they thought they were too violent” or to penalize as in “The school said they were going to sanction the students for arriving late to class.”

 

Left: Harish had already left the supermarket and drove home when he realized that there’s no milk left in the fridge. In this sentence, the word left means to “depart” in the first instance and to “remain” when it appears for the second time. These two meanings are opposite, which makes the word ‘left’ its own antonym.

 

Dust: In its verb form, dust is a clear contronym. It means both “to clean up dust” and to “sprinkle with powder.” So, you could ask someone to dust the shelves before the arrival of visitors or to dust the freshly-baked cookies with powdered sugar before guests arrive.

 

Custom: There’s a big difference between a customary dress and a custom dress. The first refers to the meaning of the word custom as "a practice or tradition shared by a society or culture, for example, there is a custom to wear traditional headgear during a Rajput wedding. The second however means "a tailored or unique garment."

 

Seed: When you are asked to seed a watermelon, you’ve got to pick out the seeds from the fruit. But when someone tells you that they’re planning to seed tomatoes in their garden this spring, you know that they will be planting seeds into the soil.

 

Trim: Trimming your new pants could either mean cutting them to fit the length of your legs or embellishing the bottom hems with lace or ribbon. The verb trim could mean both of these things and so is a contranym.

 

Finished: “I tipped the vase over by mistake. It fell, and it’s now finished.” Here finished means destroyed. But when we say “The potter has been working on this vase for hours, but it is now finally finished” it means that the job is done. So in the first instance finished was used for destruction and in the second instance for construction.

 

Screen: In “when a new film will screen at local cinemas” we are inquiring about - the premiere date. But in “I lost my hat, so I had to use a book to screen my face from the sun” we are using it as a barrier.

 

Clip: If the hedge in your garden is unruly, you need to clip it with a garden shear, but don’t reach for scissors if someone wants you to clip a bunch of papers. Your tool of choice should be a paper clip because you need to fasten the papers together. But when it comes to clipping the hedges, it’s an entirely different story.

 

Fast: The word fast has two opposing meanings. One meaning points to something moving with great speed, a fast moving vehicle, whereas the other denotes a static, secure, and steady position, a glue that holds objects fast and such that dry fast.

 

Overlook: If there’s one contronym you shouldn’t overlook, this is it! To overlook is a verb that can mean both that you missed or failed to consider something and that you supervise or oversee something or someone. So, when a teacher overlooked a mistake in a student’s homework, they probably missed it rather than observe it with great care. And vice versa, the same teacher is responsible for overlooking the intellectual upbringing of the class.

 

Weather: A weathered rock is old and almost disintegrating, but a person who weathered the storm is the opposite: seasoned, tireless, and unwavering. Therefore, the verb weather has two opposing meanings - one showing the ability of someone to endure, and the other pointing to apparent wear and tear. “If you want your home to weather the rain and snow, replace those old and weathered windows.”

 

Fine: What’s the difference between a fine bottle of wine and a bottle of wine that’s just “fine”? First and foremost, it’s your attitude! That’s because the adjective fine has the potential to mean both that something’s excellent and simply the best, and also that it's barely satisfactory. So, when you want to say that something is of superb quality, it’s best not to use the word fine when describing it. The risk of being misunderstood is far greater than you think!

 

Original: This can either mean ancient or belonging to the beginning or brand new. “Despite being hundreds of years old, the painting was still in its original frame” is the first expression where as “While sitting in the bathtub, Archmedes was struck with an original idea” is the second expression.

 

Pitted: This can either be marks or indents like “The sailor’s face was pitted and craggy from childhood chicken pox” or it can mean having the pit removed (in the sense of “stone of a fruit”) “My mom reminded me to buy the pitted cherries, because she didn’t want to take out the stones herself”

 

Bound: It can either mean tied, fastened or secured with a band or bond “The Railway Police rushed to save the woman who was bound to the railroad tracks” or it can mean destined as in” With all his talents he was bound to succeed.”.

 

PALINDROMES

The term ‘palindrome’ means that a word, a sentence, or even a number sounds the same when you read it both forward and backward. Palindromes have a considerable history. The first recorded palindrome was graffiti found in the Ancient Roman town of Herculaneum from around 70 AD. It read, “Sator Arepo tenet opera rotas,” which can be translated to, “The sower Arepo holds the wheels with effort.” Ancient examples of palindromes can also be found in Sanskrit and Greek texts.

Creating a whole sentence that reads the same back and forth is not the easiest of tasks, so not all of these sentences make perfect sense, but that’s what makes them so quirky and funny. So, here they are

1.      Sit on a potato pan, Otis

2.      Cigar? Toss it in a can. It is so tragic

3.      Did Hannah see bees? Hanna did.

4.      Murder for a jar of red rum

5.      Borrow or rob?

6.      Step on no pets

7.      Too bad I hid a boot

8.      Mr Owl ate my metal worm

9.      Was it a car or a cat I saw?

10. Poor Dan is in a droop

11. Taco cat

12. Evil olive

13. Madam

14. Race car

15. Aibohphobia

 

Incidentally, aibohphobia is fear of palindromes!

I hope you had fun with these contronyms and Palindromes. The English language has plenty of contronyms, some with exact opposite meanings and some with nearly opposite ones, but all of them are interesting, when you come to think about their peculiar use. Palindromes are being manufactured by language wizards and you need to have an eye for them!